John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried, and a black slave held captive by the Tuscarora, as sketched by Graffenried. The Indians tortured and killed Lawson but released von Graffenried and the slave.

atives and Newcomers describes North Carolina's Indians and the dramatic changes that occurred when Europeans and Africans entered their land.

Even before Raleigh's "lost colony," Europeans had explored the coast and the mountains. The first permanent newcomers were English migrants from Virginia, followed after 1715 by planters and slaves from South Carolina.

In the next half-century, thousands of German, Scotch-Irish, and Scottish settlers came by boat from Europe and by wagon from the North. Those who carved out farms in the piedmont had little in common with coastal planters or the backcountry elite of lawyers, judges, and merchants. By the late 1760s, western farmers organized as Regulators to protest unjust taxes, corrupt courts, and threats to private property—issues that would soon reappear as part of the patriotic rhetoric of the American Revolution.